Commercial Infrastructure

     Company establishment refers to the process of setting up and registering a company or business. This process involves completing various legal and administrative tasks in order to formally establish the company and make it operational.
     The specific steps involved in company establishment will depend on the type of business, the country in which it is based, and other factors. Some common tasks that may be involved in company establishment include:
Choosing a business name and registering it with the appropriate authorities
Obtaining any necessary licenses or permits
Registering the company with tax authorities
Setting up a business bank account
Drafting and signing a company charter or articles of incorporation
Appointing directors and other key personnel
Filing any necessary paperwork and documents with the appropriate authorities
Company establishment can be a complex and time-consuming process, but it is an important step in starting a business and ensuring its legal and financial viability.
Incorporation is very important for a sustainable trade. Although E-Trade, E-Export may seem like a virtual trade, export, the only difference from a real trade is that it has an E- at the beginning. The choice of company type and establishment location should be evaluated and decided according to the strategy and project to be followed.

Customs consultancy is a service that provides guidance and assistance to businesses and individuals in navigating the complex rules and regulations surrounding international trade and customs. Customs consultancy firms typically have expertise in customs law and procedures, as well as a deep understanding of the various regulations and requirements that apply to different types of goods and countries.
Customs consultancy services may include helping businesses to classify their products correctly for customs purposes, preparing and filing necessary documentation, determining applicable duties and taxes, and advising on compliance with trade agreements and other regulations. Customs consultancy firms may also offer assistance with trade negotiations, customs audits, and other related services.
Customs consultancy can be particularly helpful for businesses that are new to international trade or that operate in complex or rapidly changing regulatory environments. Working with a customs consultancy firm can help businesses to ensure compliance with customs regulations and avoid costly delays or penalties.
Firms work with customs consultancy to manage export and import processes. Customs consultancy is extremely important in the e-export and incentive planning process. It is necessary to organize customs consultancy both in Turkey and in the export country and work in a synchronized manner. In this way, delays, penal sanctions, snagging of products at customs, etc. problems such as.

A certified public accountant (CPA) is a professional accountant who has met certain education and experience requirements and passed a standardized exam. In order to become a CPA, an individual must typically have a bachelor’s degree in accounting or a related field and complete
a certain number of hours of professional accounting experience. They must also pass the CPA exam, which is administered by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA).
CPAs are licensed by the state in which they practice, and their responsibilities may vary depending on the state’s laws and regulations. Generally, CPAs are responsible for preparing and reviewing financial statements, performing audits, providing tax advice, and offering other financial consulting services. They may work in a variety of industries, including public accounting firms, private businesses, government agencies, and nonprofit organizations.
Being a CPA requires a strong foundation in accounting principles and practices, as well as a high level of professional integrity and ethics. CPAs are held to strict professional standards and are expected to maintain their knowledge and skills through continuing education.
Companies have administrative and legal obligations. All kinds of records of companies should be kept by the financial consultancy in a transparent manner. The documents recorded by the financial consultancy are shared with the authorized parties in accordance with the circular determined by the institutions. In case of errors or irregularities in the shared documents, criminal sanctions may be faced. Therefore, the choice of financial consultancy should be evaluated in detail.

     In order to start selling on Amazon, you must first open a seller account. There are important points to consider when opening a seller account. While Amazon can tolerate many mistakes, the seller may not tolerate a minor mistake in account opening and your seller account may not be opened indefinitely. Therefore, a seller account belonging to you or your company may not be able to be opened again. After your seller account is opened in a healthy way, the necessary account settings should be made according to your business model.
To open an Amazon seller account, follow these steps:
     Go to the Amazon Services homepage (https://services.amazon.com/) and click on the “Sell on Amazon” button.
     Choose the type of seller account that you want to open. There are two options: an individual seller account or a professional seller account. Individual seller accounts are best for occasional sellers, while professional seller accounts are better for those who plan to sell a large number of items.
     Follow the prompts to create a seller account. You will need to provide some personal and business information, such as your name, address, and contact information. You will also need to agree to the Amazon Services Business Solutions Agreement and the Amazon Services Privacy Notice.
     Once you have completed the account registration process, you will be able to start selling on Amazon. You can add products to your seller account by creating listings and uploading product information and images.
     It’s important to note that there are fees associated with selling on Amazon, including a monthly seller account fee and a selling commission on each sale. Make sure you understand these fees and how they will impact your business before you start selling.

Importer of Record (IOR) and EU Representative are two distinct roles in the context of international trade, particularly when it comes to the importation of goods into the European Union (EU).

The Importer of Record is responsible for ensuring that imported goods comply with all relevant customs and trade regulations, and for paying any applicable duties and taxes on the imported goods. The Importer of Record is typically the person or company that is listed as the consignee on the shipping documents, and they must have a valid Economic Operator Registration and Identification (EORI) number in order to import goods into the EU.

The EU Representative, on the other hand, is a role required by certain EU regulations, such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), for non-EU companies that process the personal data of EU residents. The EU Representative serves as a point of contact between the non-EU company and EU data protection authorities and data subjects, and is responsible for ensuring that the non-EU company complies with EU data protection laws.

A Fiscal Representative is a person or entity appointed by a non-resident company to act as their representative for tax purposes in a foreign country.

In many countries, non-resident companies are required to appoint a Fiscal Representative in order to comply with local tax regulations. The role of the Fiscal Representative is to ensure that the company complies with all relevant tax laws and regulations, including filing tax returns and paying taxes.

The Fiscal Representative typically has the authority to act on behalf of the non-resident company in matters related to tax, such as communicating with tax authorities and responding to tax notices. The Fiscal Representative may also be responsible for maintaining accounting records and preparing financial statements on behalf of the non-resident company.

In some cases, the appointment of a Fiscal Representative may be mandatory, while in others it may be optional. The specific requirements for appointing a Fiscal Representative can vary depending on the country and the nature of the company’s business activities.

There are laws set for trading in European countries and the UK. If FBA sales are planned in the relevant countries, VAT and EORI registrations of the importing company may be required in the relevant country.
VAT (Value-Added Tax) is a tax that is applied to the sale of goods and services in many countries around the world. VAT is typically collected by the seller at each stage of the supply chain and is ultimately passed on to the end consumer. VAT is generally calculated as a percentage of the sale price of the goods or services being sold.
EORI (Economic Operators Registration and Identification) is a unique identification number that is assigned to businesses and individuals that are involved in international trade within the European Union (EU). The EORI number is used to identify businesses and individuals for customs purposes and is required for businesses that engage in cross-border trade within the EU. EORI numbers are issued by the customs authorities of each EU member state.
Both VAT and EORI are important considerations for businesses that engage in international trade. VAT must be properly calculated and collected on the sale of goods and services, while an EORI number is required for businesses to engage in cross-border trade within the EU.

A bank is a financial institution that accepts deposits, makes loans, and provides other financial services to individuals and businesses. Banks are regulated by government agencies and are typically chartered by a state or federal government.

Banks play a vital role in the economy by providing a place for people and businesses to save their money and access credit when needed. They also facilitate the flow of money through the economy by lending money to borrowers and investing in securities and other financial instruments.

Banks offer a wide range of services, including checking and savings accounts, loans, credit cards, and investment products. They may also provide online and mobile banking services, as well as other financial services such as foreign exchange, wealth management, and insurance.

Although there are many private and state-affiliated banks, there are some banks that stand out in E-Export. It is more supported by online platforms and all kinds of banking transactions are applied as fast, sustainable and optimum commission.

It is necessary to open a commercial account in international online banking platforms with which the marketplaces have agreements. There are many international online banking platforms and they have different advantages and disadvantages against each other. It is necessary to choose the right platform, taking into account the target market and business model strategy. After the account is opened in the international online banking platform, integration with the online marketplace account should be ensured. In addition, the real bank account from which the money will be withdrawn must be registered and approved in the system.

A prep warehouse is a facility that is used to prepare products for sale or distribution. Prep warehouses are often used by businesses that sell products on e-commerce platforms, such as Amazon, and need to fulfill orders quickly and efficiently.

In a prep warehouse, products are typically received, inspected, and stored until they are ready to be shipped to customers. This can involve a variety of tasks, such as:

Receiving and unpacking products: When products arrive at a prep warehouse, they are typically received and unpacked from their shipping containers.

Inspecting and sorting products: Products are then inspected to ensure that they are in good condition and meet the required standards. They are often sorted into groups or batches based on their characteristics or destination.

Storing products: Products are then stored in the prep warehouse until they are ready to be shipped. This can involve organizing products on shelves or in bins, or using specialized storage equipment such as pallet racks or bins.

Packaging and labeling products: When an order is placed, products are typically retrieved from the warehouse and prepared for shipping. This can involve packaging the products in boxes or other containers, and attaching labels or other identifying information.

Overall, prep warehouses are an important part of the e-commerce supply chain, helping businesses to receive, store, and prepare products for sale and distribution.

Since Amazon warehouses are the main warehouse of the sellers, the definition of intermediate warehouse for other warehouses has been found in the literature. Intermediate warehouses are warehouses where products are shipped, return and handling processes are organized before the products are sent to Amazon’s warehouse. It is also possible to send products from the intermediate warehouse to the customers in the method where we sell with the FBM method.

A trademark is a word, phrase, symbol, or design that is used to identify and distinguish a particular product or service from those of others. Trademarks are typically used to protect brands and the goodwill associated with them.
Trademarks can be registered with the appropriate government agency in order to receive legal protection. This typically involves conducting a search to ensure that the trademark is available and does not conflict with any existing trademarks, and then filing a trademark application with the appropriate agency. If the trademark is approved, it will be registered and the owner will be granted exclusive rights to use it in connection with their products or services.
Trademarks are an important tool for businesses and entrepreneurs, as they help to protect the brand and reputation that they have built up over time. They also help to prevent others from using similar trademarks and confusing consumers.
One of the most ignored and biggest mistakes in e-Export is not to register a trademark. In order to protect our trademark rights and defend our trademark, trademark registration must be obtained from the trademark patent offices of each country where sales are made or planned to be made. Each country has its own differences. Trademark registration process should be done by expert trademark lawyers. In order to use valuable features such as Store, A+ Content, Brand Analytics on Amazon, we need to register our brand registration in the Amazon Brand Registry.

A VAT return is a form that businesses are required to submit to a tax authority in order to report their VAT (Value-Added Tax) liability. VAT is a tax that is applied to the sale of goods and services in many countries around the world. It is typically collected by the seller at each stage of the supply chain and is ultimately passed on to the end consumer.
Businesses are required to submit VAT returns on a periodic basis, typically monthly, quarterly, or annually. The VAT return includes information on the business’s VAT liability, which is calculated based on the value of the goods and services sold, minus any VAT paid on purchases. If the business has collected more VAT than it has paid on its own purchases, it will be required to pay the difference to the tax authority. If the business has paid more VAT than it has collected, it may be entitled to a VAT refund.
VAT returns must be completed accurately and submitted on time in order to avoid penalties and interest. They are an important part of a business’s compliance with tax laws and regulations.
VAT is a very important nuance that many companies ignore. In many countries, VAT is paid for products when importing. If VAT calculation is omitted in market and price analysis, all profitability rates will vary.
VAT paid at customs is refundable. By submitting the customs documents and sales invoices to the financial advisory, the relevant VAT paid at the import customs can be refunded.

Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) is a concept that places responsibility for the environmental impact of a product throughout its entire lifecycle on the producer, rather than on the consumer or local government.

Under the EPR model, producers are responsible for the environmental impact of their products from the design stage through to the end of their useful life. This includes the management of the product’s waste and recycling, as well as the costs associated with these activities.

EPR programs are typically implemented through government policies and regulations, which require producers to take responsibility for the environmental impact of their products. Producers may be required to pay fees or taxes that are used to fund recycling programs or other waste management initiatives.

The goal of EPR is to incentivize producers to design products that are more environmentally friendly and to encourage the development of more sustainable production and waste management practices. EPR programs have been implemented in many countries around the world, and have been shown to be an effective way to reduce the environmental impact of products and to promote sustainable production and consumption patterns.

Business insurance is a type of insurance that covers risks and liabilities that businesses may face. Business insurance can provide protection against a wide range of potential losses and liabilities, including financial losses, damage to property, and legal liabilities.
There are many different types of business insurance, and the specific coverage that a business needs will depend on the nature of the business, the risks it faces, and other factors. Some common types of business insurance include:
Property insurance: covers losses or damages to a business’s physical property, such as buildings, equipment, and inventory.
Liability insurance: covers legal liabilities that a business may incur as a result of accidents, injuries, or other events that occur on the business’s premises or as a result of its operations.
Professional liability insurance: covers claims arising from professional negligence or errors and omissions.
Business interruption insurance: covers financial losses that a business may suffer as a result of a disruption to its operations, such as a natural disaster or pandemic.
Business insurance can help businesses to protect against unexpected losses and liabilities and to maintain financial stability. It is an important consideration for any business, large or small.
When the sales turnover on Amazon in the USA exceeds 10,000 USD, it requests a Business Insurance Policy to Amazon. This insurance must be made by an insurer who is an expert in the field, in a way that will meet the requirements of Amazon. Your product portfolio and insurance must match.

Branding refers to the process of creating a unique name, design, symbol, and/or slogan that represents a company, product, or service. The goal of branding is to create a distinctive and recognizable identity for a company or product that sets it apart from its competitors and makes it more memorable to consumers.

Effective branding can help to establish a company’s reputation and build brand loyalty among customers. It can also help to differentiate a company’s products from those of its competitors and create a sense of trust and reliability among consumers.

Branding often involves the use of various marketing techniques, such as advertising, public relations, and social media, to promote a company’s brand and increase brand awareness. This can include developing a brand strategy, creating a brand identity, and implementing a consistent brand image across all marketing channels.

Branding is an ongoing process that requires continuous effort and attention to maintain and evolve as a company and its products or services change over time.

A website is a collection of web pages that are accessed through the internet. Website creation involves designing and building these web pages and organizing them in a way that makes sense for users.

Here are the basic steps involved in creating a website:

Plan your website: Determine the purpose of your website and what content you want to include. Consider the target audience, the tone and style of the website, and any specific features you want to include.

Choose a domain name: This is the address that people will use to access your website. Choose a name that is easy to remember and relevant to your website’s purpose.

Choose a web hosting provider: A web hosting provider will give you a place to store your website files and make them accessible on the internet.

Design your website: Create a visual design for your website that is consistent with your brand and the purpose of the website. This can involve creating a logo, choosing colors and fonts, and creating a layout for your web pages.

Develop your website: This involves actually building your website using HTML, CSS, and JavaScript. There are also website builders that can help you create a website without needing to code.

Test your website: Make sure everything on your website works properly, including links, forms, and any interactive features.

Launch your website: Once you’re confident that your website is ready, you can make it live on the internet for everyone to access.